Organizational Behavior Cognitive and Emotional Dissonance

LEARNING ISSUES 1. What is Cognitive Dissonance and how it happens? According to Steven L. McShane and Mary Ann Von Glinow in the Organizational Behaviour book had mentioned that emotions and attitudes usually lead to behaviour, but behaviour sometimes influences our attitudes through the process of cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance occurs when we perceive an inconsistency creates an uncomfortable tension (dissonance) that we are motivated to reduce by changing one or more of these elements. Behaviour is usually the most difficult element to change, particularly when it is known to everyone, was done voluntarily and cant be undone. 2. What is Emotional Dissonance and how it happens? Steven L. McShane and Mary Ann Von Glinow†¦show more content†¦It entails deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information, and how to interpret it within our existing knowledge. I. INTRODUCTION 1. This case study is portraying several characters working at The New Enterprise Group at James-Williams. James-Williams is one of the six largest public accounting firm in Canada with 400 partners practicing in 30 Canadian cities. James-Williams was the sole Canadian member of James-William International which provided audit, tax, consulting and other services to individuals, private business and governments in Americas, Europe, the middle East, Africa, Asia and the Pacific. 2. The New Enterprise is a section inside James-Williams and was set up seven years ago to provide service to smaller growth companies managed by entrepreneurs. The New Enterprise Group provided a range of consulting services geared to the needs of growing entrepreneurial companies. In addition to accounting and auditing services, the partners acted as principal business advisors. Client companies were particularly interested in the subjects of corporate finance and tax consulting. 3. The New Enterprise Group was organized as a collegial system of partners who managed their own objectives established by James-Williams. There are several characters involve in this case study such as Bob Chen, David Shorter, Joe Silverman, Mike McLeod and other partners. In order to understand theShow MoreRelatedChallenges and Opportunities for Ob1613 Words   |  7 Pagesmeasures one’s actions. c. Attitudes are the emotional part of an evaluation of some person, object or event. d. Attitudes are evaluative statements concerning objects, people or events e. Attitudes are a measure of how the worth of an object, person or event is evaluated. 2. The belief that â€Å"violence is wrong† is a evaluative statement. Such an opinion constitutes the component of an attitude. a. cognitive b. affective c. reflective Read MoreWhat Does Cognitive Dissonance Affect Your Attitude?1726 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is cognitive dissonance? 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By understanding it, we may know their attitude, and can predict the behavior of peoples. It help us to gain a greater understanding of those factors that influence individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting so that individuals and the groups and organizationsRead MoreOb Testplan Attitudes5920 Words   |  24 Pagesconduct.† a. Values b. Attitudes c. Convictions d. Preferences (a; Moderate; p. 63) 2. The content attribute states a value is: a. complete. b. important. c. a basic conviction. d. related to behavior. (b; Moderate; p. 63) 3. When we rank an individual’s values in terms of his/her _____, we obtain the person’s value system. a. intensity b. content c. context d. social acceptance (a; Moderate; p. 63) 4. Read MoreDifferent Types Of Individual Behavior1683 Words   |  7 Pagesattitudes, and stress. In combination with one’s individual characteristics, there are four variables that influence an individual’s behavior and performance. 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Zaugg robert.zaugg@unifr.ch Individual Behavior Learning Objectives †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Explain the nature of the individual-organization relationship Define personality and describe personality attributes that affect behavior in organizations Discuss individual attitudes in organizations and how they affect behavior Describe basic perceptual processes and the role of attributions in organizations Explain how workplace behaviors can directly or indirectlyRead MoreSocial Psychology And Multiculturalism1644 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent theories and identifications. For example, social psychology and multiculturalism work together to create the social change people aspire to. However, social psychology, according to Jahoda (2016), cannot explain the link between the social behavior and the social norms of the society and culture. Hence, social psychology could be a challenge when a person tries other cultures. Furthermore, there are ethical-related issues with theories of psychology that aim at creating positive social changeRead MoreSocial Psychology And Multiculturali sm1714 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent theories and identifications. For example, social psychology and multiculturalism work together to create the social change people aspire to. However, social psychology, according to Jahoda (2016), cannot explain the link between the social behavior and the social norms of the society and culture. Hence, social psychology could be a challenge when a person tries other cultures. Furthermore, there are ethical-related issues with theories of psychology that aim at creating positive social changeRead MoreThe Transportation Department Of Creative Toys Company1254 Words   |  6 Pagesboth managerial and communicational aspects. These negative organizational behaviors aggravate the tension between employee and employer. A pointed situation here is the rearrangement. As composing a part of social system, physical environment is the basic element that provides people a place to work. Unfortunately, it has been given little attention and is one of the most vaguely understood aspects of management and organizational behavior. Three of the main functions regarding internal physical environmentRead MoreDifferent Theories of Motivation1736 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Motivation is a reason or set or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior, especially human behavior as studied in psychology and neuropsychology. The reasons may include basic needs (e.g., food, water, shelter) or an object, goal, state of being, or ideal that is desirable, which may or may not be viewed as positive, such as seeking a state of being in which pain is absent. The motivation for a behavior may also be attributed to less-apparent reasons such as altruism or morality.

Sociology and Social Sciences Free Essays

string(123) " be such as to produce â€Å"high need-achievement† directed towards â€Å"clusters of followers† once innovations are made\." The traditional social sciences which have been developed as part of the totality of learning in the West have been brought over to Asia. It is now becoming increasingly evident that the validity of such social sciences, whether in the realm of research theory or of action policy, can no longer be accepted uncritically. An appreciation of what is valid or invalid, applicable or inapplicable, is therefore imperative. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology and Social Sciences or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such analysis is necessary not only as an academic venture; social change is basic to the Asian aspiration for modernization and the need is urgent for such change to be directed towards the achievement of what may well be Asian as distinguished from non-Asian goals. CULTURE The problem is clear and present. The Asian academic world, until now, has been staffed with many scholars whose training has been, for the most part, in Western universities and institutions. At the same time, the political and intellectual leadership in the larger life of its society is held to a significant degree of Western-trained leaders. The orientation of many of these leaders has been conditioned by the predominantly Western culture. Trained to think in Western terms through the medium of Western languages, some are experiencing a reawakening to the reality of their situation. Asian intellectuals are undergoing an agonizing period of soul-searching. Their system of values, developed through years of training in, and broad exposure to, Western philosophies, is being shattered by a realization that these values may not be suitable to the Asian environment. Recently, Professor Ruben Santos-Cuyugan of the University of the Philippines expressed misgivings about the movement towards the unification of all knowledge, including the assumption of â€Å"universal categories of culture† and the universality of value judgment. This movement, according to him, makes the social scientist evade one of his fundamental responsibilities which is â€Å"to examine the ways by which his science and thought, indeed his very perceptions, are rooted in the matrix of his own culture† (Santos-Cuyugan 1967). POLITICS In the meantime, in the realm of politics, the postwar leaders of Asia have discovered that independence has not automatically ushered in the Utopia. Thus, they are not seeking the nature and structure of government that will best meet their needs, the political philosophies their peoples should embrace or adopt, and the policies that will bring about the good society by their indigenous standards and values. A starting point is the fact that with a few exceptions, the developing countries of Asia profess belief in freedom and human rights, the rule of law and constitutional government. These concepts and maxims are manifested in their constitutions. However, in spite of guarantees enshrined in their constitutions, these countries find it difficult to achieve real constitutional democracy. For the constitutions of the West have, in many cases, been transplanted to Asian soil without the historical experience that nurtured them in the West, where they were the products of a long period of evolution and development. Democracy implies mass participation by the people in the political process. But if the people are not sufficiently educated in the processes of democracy, or have not sufficiently imbibed its spirit, how can it flourish? In fact, one wonders whether or not the structure of government of the Philippines, patterned as it is after the outlined in the American Constitution, is not really a hindrance to, rather than an instrument for, national development. In any case, it has become quite clear that Western-style democracy has to be modified so as to satisfy the urgent Asian desire for economic progress and social justice. Liberty, as this term is used in the West, has mainly the negative connotation of freedom from arbitrary restraint. In the Asian setting, it must be given a positive content; governments have to assume a greater responsibility for providing opportunities for the growth and self-realization of citizens. In the same manner, â€Å"justice† has had mainly a political connotation in the West, where it is usually associated with law and social behavior. In Asia, if political justice were not integrally related to economic justice, it would be almost peripheral to the real problems. In so far as Asians are concerned, economic justice is the more relevant concept because it touches the heart of the existing social order. In this sense, it is associated with the eradication of poverty and the alleviation of human suffering. Another qualification should be made. There is so much lip-service to the concept of â€Å"rule of law† in many Asian societies. By this, people are supposed to be guided by certain legal precepts in their social relations. However, in the Philippine experience, despite the fact that most Filipinos are professed and vocal adherents of the â€Å"rule of law.† They do not find difficulty in transgressing legal rules because in the business of everyday living, non-legal rules oftentimes command greater obedience than legal ones, especially when values such as family and kinship ties are involved. This is part of the explanation of such phenomenon as nepotism. Which is certainly frowned upon by the formal laws of society, but which is carried out in practice by almost everyone in political authority. Finally, bureaucracy, as an institution, is in external forms and manifestations similar to its prototype in the West. The same formal methods of recruitment, of organizational charts, of job descriptions, etc. , are utilized. But the ethos that animates Asian bureaucracy is obviously quite different from what animates Western bureaucracy. ECONOMICS The discipline of economics fives many illustrations of the limits of applicability of Western concepts, values and methods. The most evident at the moment is the emergence of new branches of study, such as development economics, and of a more socio-psychological approach to the study of economic systems than Keynesian economics allowed at an earlier period. Thus even in the West, there is a growing recognition (e. g. , Hagen 1962), that if economic growth is to occur, a country’s cultural patterns must be such as to produce â€Å"high need-achievement† directed towards â€Å"clusters of followers† once innovations are made. You read "Sociology and Social Sciences" in category "Papers" In fact, to achieve substantial economic development, it is suggested that the number of individuals with the entrepreneurial-motivational complex, and particularly with high achievement drives, will have to be significantly increased. Again, many Western economists have been laboring under the assumption of conventional analysis that the missing elements in developing societies are modern technical knowledge, capital, specially trained manpower, and a sound plan for using capital, manpower and technical knowledge. Once these elements were made available, they assumed, progress will automatically ensue. The international economic policy of the Western nations have therefore generally been geared towards providing these missing elements, with perhaps the strongest bias being in the provision of capital as the principal agent of development. The view is still widespread that if Asian countries can only obtain, through their own efforts or through foreign assistance, as sufficient amount of capital, they would be able to â€Å"finish the job† of development. The truth is that investment, whether public or private is subject to the risks, uncertainties and eccentricities of the poor public administration. Since development is a process, it is subject at every stage to how effectively the government can execute its plans. Moreover, it is now clear that traditional marginal analysis, however useful it may be as a basis for the understanding of advanced economics, can be very misleading for underdeveloped ones. When such factors as population growth and technological progress are made an integral part of analysis, instead of being left out altogether as in traditional equilibrium theory, out analysis can lead to policy conclusions exactly the reverse of what orthodox equilibrium theory might suggest. Even with the emergence in the West of development economics as a new field for the study of developing countries, certain biases continue to show. An example is the fact that in the West, economic development as a goal has been reckoned almost exclusively in terms of increases in annual national income. The corollary problem of income distribution has been merely glossed over. This is a serious omission because of the existing wide disparities in incomes among the peoples of the developing nations. This is illustrated in Philippine society. For this society may be likened to a social pyramid with an acute apex and a very broad base. At the apex is a very small segment of society, the rich and the very rich; at the base are the broad masses of those who are poor and very poor. The constellation of power in our society has traditionally consisted of the hacendero-politico class at the apex of the social pyramid, which held sway over the lives of human beings. More recently, a new industrial class has appeared to increase their numerically few but historically powerful ranks. The elite class enjoys the benefits of modern technology and the affluence that it makes possible while the vast mass of the population lives close to the subsistence level. There is this a distressing and ever-widening gap in the process to goods and services. It is clear, therefore, that to be relevant to the realities of the Asian situation, economic development should not be reckoned only in terms of annual rates of economic growth, or of doubling national incomes in a decade. It should be vitally concerned with promoting economic justice, in spreading more widely the benefits of economic progress, and in continuously opening up new opportunities to an ever-widening circle of entrepreneurs and investors in the developing countries. In short, the achievement of economic democracy has to be a primordial goal, alongside the acceleration of the growth process. SOCIOLOGY In the realm of rural sociology, many practical limits to Western social research concepts and methods have been actually discovered in the Philippines. Methods and Techniques To begin with, planning a research project on the Western pattern is often not warranted by the amount and quality of available resources. There is, for instance, the problem of shortage of local professional social researchers compounded by the attitude which rural folks have for those social researchers. In the West, its rural folks are used to extension workers, welfare-agency volunteers, missionaries and the like. On the other hand, Philippine researchers and interviewers have been looked upon as philanthropists, as some sort of Rockefeller of Ford Foundation representatives ready to give out material aid (Feliciano 1965). The establishment of concepts and definitions has not been easy. Social research is built around a framework which requires certain concepts such as household, family, literacy, religion, cooperation, and the like. But a research group, led by Professor Gloria D. Feliciano of the University of the Philippines, has recently concluded that in diagnostic studies wherein these concepts need to be stated in more refined or precise terms, an adaptation is necessary to avoid getting inaccurate data (Feliciano 1965). The term â€Å"religious affiliation. † For instance, has a connotation in the Philippines different from that in the West, where individualism and not â€Å"familism† prevails. In the West, it implies not only membership of an individual in a religious group. But usually religious preferences as well. In the Philippines, where close family and community ties are predominant, religious affiliation becomes a family or community matter. Hence, the term does not necessarily imply the religious preference of the individual. Another example mention by a Philippine research group has to do with family types: In this country (Philippines), one may not find a simple or nuclear family defined and interpreted according to Western standards. For, although it may appear simple nuclear structurally, functionally it usually partakes of the character of the extended type. Studies in recent years have exploded the myth that structurally the Filipino family is of the extended type. Rather, they showed that although the majority of the nuclear families live apart from one another, this did not deter them from helping one another in times of need or crisis.  (Castillo 1963 and Feliciano 1964, cited in Feliciano 1965). In reporting one of his studies, a Filipino researcher expounded on the problem he encountered in regard to the concept of cooperation: In the West, where this term gave rise to cooperatives, one usually thinks of it in terms of a disciplined, highly ordered code of behavior, de-emphasized family loyalties, rigid business principles, and a high degree of rationalized behavior. In short, the term has come to be associated with individual independence. In the Philippines, however, where the practice is deeply rooted in familiar or family ties, it is a matter of interdependence among indivuals. (Provinse 1960, cited in Feliciano 1965). Finally, insofar as the concept of literacy is concerned, a further refinement of sub-types is needed in the Philippines. It has been discovered that very often one encounters people who could literally read and write but who do not fully understand what they read or write. Role of Women, Role of Education In another report, Professor Gelia T.  Castillo, a pioneer rural research scholar in the Philippines, has found it necessary to reexamine the role of women in the development scheme (Castillo 1964). Her findings showed such strong female influence in family and farm decision-making that for purposes of development work, it would be more fruitful to classify the Filipino woman in the rural scene as an active initiator, legitimizer, and decision-maker in her own right, rather than just a person who plays a mere supportive role to her husband, her father, or her barrio. A closer examination of the role of education has likewise been suggested because, while it is a potent instrument for effecting change in agricultural production, education acquires a different dimension when it â€Å"rules out mud on educated hands. † This view has been corroborated by another rural researcher, Professor Juan F. Jamias (1967). Who has an interesting explanation for the effectiveness of the â€Å"verbal culture† (education, research and extension) in increasing agricultural productivity in the Philippines. He states that the agricultural college degree in the Philippines has been â€Å"white-collarized. † He cites data on the employment distribution of graduates of the College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines, which show that except for 8 percent engaged in farming, all the rest may be classified as white-collar workers. A later and more comprehensive survey revealed that only 1. 3 percent were actually engaged in private farming or business. Most of the graduates were actively involved in teaching and extension work. There are other examples of generalization that need closer scrutiny. In community leadership, does youth versus age necessarily mean change versus status quo? Is the mutual self-help circle, often regarded as an existing resource for cohesive community action, coterminous with the village unit of operations? The problem of concepts and definitions aside, the Feliciano research group has found out, too, that Western scientific sampling techniques are quite difficult to apply because, oftentimes, sampling universes such as geographic, or political subdivision lines are not definitely established. Furthermore, in many places, the basic socio-economic structure of the occupational groups, ethnic and religious groups, and types of land-use and land ownership have not been objectively defined. Raw Materials from Research in Action Programs The traditional social research method, which has come down to us from the West, calls for empirical evidence to support existing ideas. Our experience shows that rural research theory in the Philippines, in fact, being enriched by various experiences in research in action programs. The findings of Professor Gelia Castillo show that the researcher in action setting â€Å"has a unique advantage in obtaining substantive and methodological insights while actually participating in real life events which are part of the process of bringing about change. † At times, she says the problem which defies any design except the kind which involves a faithful description of down-to-earth happenings, is the most fertile source of insights. Examples to support this view have been cited. In the Philippines, many extension workers have claimed that most of the researches done are not practical and economically feasible under village conditions (From The Innovator, 1965). In the Philippines, experience, new theories in rural sociology are arising from empirical evidence. And the existing facts and data gathered are quite interesting because they are the results of pioneer efforts, empirically identified with their meanings laid bare rather than assumed by the conceptualizer. Truly, the agents of change in rural Philippines are breaking virgin ground. Knowing One’s Audience As we have said, in effecting directed social change, Western social scientists have focused their attention on knowing one’s audience. Even in the voluminous literature on diffusion studies in the United States, rarely have investigators addressed themselves to the nature of the innovation and the character of the carriers of change. Among the advocates of change, there is an unchallenged assumption that the change being introduced is good, that the change agent is effective and that, therefore, the farmer who refuses to accept the innovation is irrational (Castillo). To be sure, the audience should be known. Who is the Asian farmer, for instance, whose ways are sought to be changed? This is an extremely important question. Again, one should know his audience in order to evaluate his data. It has been found that the reliability of farmers’ responses depends upon the respondent’s image of the researcher or interviewer and their expectations from the project. The Role of the Change Agent Be that as it may, to understand the subsistence farmer’s response or lack of response to the innovations sought to be introduced, the innovation itself must be proved, and the role of the change agent fully studied. On the latter point, one of the findings is that oftentimes a change agency is as rigid as the farmers it seeks to change. A former consultant has been quoted as saying that â€Å"the problems of development exist just as much in the organization charged with instituting change schemes as they do in the populace they are trying to change. † (Kumata 1960) To other findings have come out of the Philippine experiments. One is that a change agent can hardly expect to be effective unless his roles is accepted by his clientele. Rapport with the villagers, therefore, becomes a key factor. The other is that the agent of change in the Philippines should have a versatility unmatched by his counterpart in the West. The enormity and diversity of problem situations he comes to grips with require an interdisciplinary thinking, especially when he is the only social scientist within a radius of many kilometers. He should not be just a rural sociologist or an agricultural economist but a social scientist with expert preparation in his own discipline. He needs sophistication in social theory, mastery of research methodology, adequate comprehension of bureaucracy and political behavior, and intensive exposure to the world of village action, administration and policy. Towards a Theory for Developing Asian Nations It is of the highest priority that the teachers and practitioners in the social sciences in Asia emancipate themselves from the value-bias of Western concepts and postulates of reasoning. There is need for escaping the universalizing that characterizes much of the social sciences as they have developed in Western academic circles. Asian social scientists should undergo a truly creative engagement with their own culture and society, making use, in the process, of frameworks that provide standards of relevance to the experiences and aspirations of their own people. It should be constantly borne in the mind that there are limits to the applicability of Western concepts, values and method to Asian realities. It is important therefore, that organized efforts be undertaken to compile and codify the vast amount of scattered data on particular subjects of social research in the different countries which are to be found in research offices and libraries of universities. With a commitment to intellectual efforts with a decidedly Asian value base, more genuine works of scholarships in the social sciences should come out of the academic world. With the growing data from field works and social sciences which enable d us to verify the referents of concepts in our respective countries, we may usefully embark on the ambitious project of setting up a theory for the developing Asian nations, and in the process, hopefully, understand ourselves. How to cite Sociology and Social Sciences, Papers

Effective Leadership in The Healthcare and Administrative Fields

Questions: Identify a leader from a company that has been in the news recently, a leader you currently or previously worked under, or a leader in the community who you are familiar with (this may require interviewing the leader). Then, use critical theory evaluation skills to identify a minimum of three (3) peer-reviewed journal articles on the traits of leaders in the selected leaders industry or field. For instance, if the leader is the administrator of a hospital, your scholarly articles will focus on traits deemed necessary for effective leadership in the healthcare and/or administrative fields. Next, draft a critical analysis that conveys the extent to which this leader exemplifies the Big Five personality traits, as well as the traits indicative of an effective leader in his or her field or industry as evidenced in the literature. Determine the extent to which this individual has the personality profile of an effective leader. In addition, provide an example of an issue that this leader is either currently facing or recently dealt with, and then examine the managerial roles he or she played and the leadership skills used before, during, and after the issue was resolved. Explore the ethical considerations (if any) pertaining to this issue, consider those experienced by the individual and/or directly related to the organization, and then evaluate how the individual handled them.? Answers: Jeff Bezos is the CEO and leader in a leading Ecommerce site named as Amazon. He has a great contribution towards the internet world with the innovation of a new concept, predictive analytics. This is a technique of attracting the customers by analyzing their product liking. The search histories of each customer are found out and the particular products are recommended to buyers. Many people can be irritated with this method. But, the online business has received profit with this mechanism. Many people are buying the products after that are recommended by the Ecommerce websites. Apart from this new concept, Jeff Bezos is a leader who cares about each customer. He personally read the emails of his customers and takes immediate action if something goes wrong with them. With such a kind and professional leader, customers of Ecommerce website will never stay disappointed. (STREITFELD KANTOR, 2015) He is the founder and maker of the E-commerce website Amazon.com . The site has become a top online shopping site since 2013. The leader has his personal wealth estimated as the US $ 59.2 BILLION. An interview of Jeff Bezos An exclusive interview was organized on the Jeff Bezos with the US broadcaster, Chralie Rose. The questions asked to The Amazons CEO and founder is answered in a clear and effective way. Following are the step wise interview details. Is Drone coming soon in US? Jeff As compared to US, the scheme of UK regulatory is much more advanced. But the FAA is also caught in the US. Jeff also explained about the technical facts related to the delivery of Drone. He also said that, the approval of delivery in the US is a big stumbling block. Yet, Jeff is quite confident that Drone will come very soon. According to him, the delivery will be as easy as the mail trucks. Approximately a years time scale is measured. But, Jeff assured that it will happen. (Quinn, 2015) What is the news about the exciting new car based program in Amazon prime? Jeff- This is going to be a good opportunity for the Top gear team and Clarkson. Jeff also said that the new program along with other originals of Amazon like Jeffry Tambors Transparent is going to define Prime. He also thinks that this is going to be optimized as a golden edge television. A Few years back, latent was needed to do TV serials. Even getting a chance is really rare. But today, the scenario will change completely. Is Amazon fresh going to be launched in the UK? Jeff Amazon fresh is operated in the US for many years. Also, it is going very well with regards to its operation and customer satisfaction. Jeff also said the team has planned to expand it as well. He suggests people stay tuned in the UK. The founder also said that, customers of Amazon wish to get shopping in many ways. Thus, both online shopping and physical retail stores are going to stay parallel. Customers can get satisfaction in both the ways. (Ignatius, 2014) Is Amazon Web Services or AWS going to be a spun off? Amazon Web services or AWS is one of the businesses within Amazons wing that is based on a cloud computing platform. The customers of this business include Just Eat, Pinterest and AirBnB. According to some of the investors, the company is going to be stripped off. Jeff- The founder and CEO Bezos totally rejected the idea. He said that this business wont be able to go a long way. Rather, this will distract the organization from its main focus. He is satisfied with the present state of the company as it is going really well as of now. Can Bezos control himself in front of other entrepreneurs? Jeff- Jeff gets weakened in front of other entrepreneurs. Even he express gets charmed after meeting his fellow. He has wealth, but feels happy to share with the expectation of making more money. He also said he does personal investment with curiosity. But all investment may not be a good investment with the profit motive. (Kissmetrics team, 2016) Critical theory evaluation Peer review Amazon Founder and CEO, Jeff Bezos have come out as 1st position. He was even successful with the scientific approach to the task. The review was done on the total shareholders return and market capitalization. The analysis was made on long-term result where he was proved to be an active CEO over his entire tenure. The critics also have found out that a good CEO should be more than profitability and investment. This trait was also found in Jeff Bezos. He is a true leader with the traits of leading a company. He has many more skills which hardly could be measured. Some of the skills include his long-term planning, strategic vision, authenticity etc. Effective trait of effective leadership Critical Analysis Amazons Founder, Jeff Bezos has endless traits that would inspire people. But let us name 5 of them that make him a complete leader. (Horton, 2014) Stubborn and flexible According to Jeff, a good leader must be stubborn as well as flexible at the same time. With regards to the vision and viewpoint, he is stubborn. But with regards to tactics, the leader is flexible. But, the leader must know when to be stubborn and when to stay flexible. (ECONOMY, 2013) Keep on experimenting Experimenting is another lesson which every young entrepreneur must learn from Amazon CEO. One should keep on experimenting as you never know when a trial experiment can become an invention. The leader never gets tired of experimenting as this is how new products are found with the new methodology. (Leadership Blog, 2012) Connect customer and employees Some entrepreneurs have a habit of keeping the customers and employees in two extreme levels. But, this is where your business lacks. A good leader must make a perfect link between the employees and customers. If the communication between them runs successfully, there will be no gaps in operation. Naturally the trade will stay in profit. Two pizza rule The founder of Amazon, Jeff has always believed in two pizza rule. This means that the group must be small. This means smaller the group, more effective will be communication between them. Jeff tried this in the Amazon with the gold feature box. It has been observed that as the team starts growing, effectiveness in operation reduces. Thus, the output also reduces. (GILLETT, 2014) Focus on customer satisfaction Unlike any other business leaders who hardly have time for customers, Jeff actually reads each and every customer complaints and takes necessary action. He forwards the mail to the escalating team with two question marks. The receiver takes the email very seriously and resolves the issue very soon by personally communicating with customers. (GIANG, 2013) The current issue faced by Jeff Bezos The Amazons Founder has to face a great challenge when he bought Washington Post. He got a major success when he started selling books online. This has become a multi-dollar business which created massive changes in the retail industry. He announced the buying of the Washington Post along with other newspaper. But, this created a shock when people related to this post became aware of the fact. But, there is some disappointment among the mass. Some of the journalists attached to this company also shed their tears. According to Forbes Magazine, Bezos has the fortune valued at $25 billion. Thus, he is quite rich to optimize the losses of a newspaper. Jeff also mentioned that he is buying this newspaper company as an individual. He is not involving his company, Amazon Inc in this. Bezos also said that, he will be serving as Amazon CEO as his day job. But, he will also keep another phase at Washington. But, it is for sure that people can see the changes. (Zongker, Gordon, Gresko, 2013) Many people and employees associated with the Washington post could not take the change of ownership positively. They even thought that their deployment in the company will be disrupted. The whole operation can go through changes. Now, many of us cannot take the changes in a positive way. Here arises the disappointment. Bezos uttered a statement where he surely understood the important role of Washington post among the people and in Washington. Thus, he assured that the value will never change. As a letter to its employee, Bezos also said that the paper duty will stay within its reader and not among the personal interest. Jeff also assured that he will actually follow the foot step its much known publisher Katharine Graham. The Amazons founder also promised to keep the family members of Graham, its CEO as well as a publisher within the post. He wont even lose the senior manager of the post, who has been working for years. Jeff is the leader with an innovative mind. He knows how to make maximum utilization of technology in the right time. Keeping the pace with quality and innovation is where he stands. (NAKASHIMA, 2013) My analysis and handling the issue In my opinion, Jeff Bezos has handled the situation in an effective way. I too would like to handle the situation by keeping the emphasis on human values. This is the situation where people associated with Washington posts are facing crises. They are getting unsecured with the transfer of posts ownership. Some of the employees are afraid as they think they are going to lose their job. The question of financial security became a major issue. The leadership trait needed in this situation includes persuasion abilities. This is the trait due to which people will easily belief in you and your credibility. In this situation where you are acquiring a business, it is important to win over the mind of people in such situation. Your reputation in the market plays a major role in influencing people. Integrity is another trait which I believe is important for a leader to resolve such situation. A leader must have the trait to integrate people and work for the productivity of the company. He must stay beside the employees to solve their economical difficulties. He should abide by the word of mouth and meet his commitments. (Bezos, 2013) The Empowering capability is another trait which a leader must possess. Since the issue relates to employees and people related to the post, convincing those people with his worth is a necessity. It is important to make the associates feel emboldened. They must also feel powerful with your leadership trait. They must have a belief in you to get major benefits. Engagement quality is also another important fact which a leader in this situation must possess. If I would have been a leader, I would create some situations to engage the employees by providing recognition to them. This will also include motivation of the employees. Their work should be valued in order to boost up their performance. People working for very long hours must be provided with some relief. This will help to control internal environmental crisis. Bibliography Bezos, J. (2013, August 05). Jeff Bezos on Post purchase. Jeff Bezos on Post purchase. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/jeff-bezos-on-post-purchase/2013/08/05/e5b293de-fe0d-11e2-9711-3708310f6f4d_story.html ECONOMY, P. (2013, August 27). 7 Traits of Highly Effective Leaders. 7 Traits of Highly Effective Leaders. Retrieved from https://www.inc.com/peter-economy/7-traits-highly-effective-leaders.html GIANG, V. (2013, october 30). The' 'Two Pizza Rule' Is Jeff Bezos' Secret To Productive Meetings. The' 'Two Pizza Rule'. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.in/The-Two-Pizza-Rule-Is-Jeff-Bezos-Secret-To-Productive-Meetings/articleshow/24896617.cms GILLETT, R. (2014, October 24). Productivity Hack Of The Week: The Two Pizza Approach To Productive Teamwork. The Two Pizza Approach To Productive Teamwork. Retrieved from https://www.fastcompany.com/3037542/productivity-hack-of-the-week-the-two-pizza-approach-to-productive-teamwork Horton, C. H. (2014). Thirteen Traits of Effective Leaders. Retrieved from https://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/au-24/horton.pdf Ignatius, A. (2014, November). The Best-Performing CEOs in the World. The Best-Performing CEOs. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2014/11/the-best-performing-ceos-in-the-world Kissmetrics team. (2016). 12 Business Lessons You Can Learn from Amazon Founder and CEO Jeff Bezos. 12 Business Lessons. Retrieved from https://blog.kissmetrics.com/lessons-from-jeff-bezos/ Leadership Blog. (2012, January 17). 10 Traits of Effective Leaders. 10 Traits of Effective Leaders. Retrieved from https://www.leadershipandinfluenceblog.com/10-traits-of-effective-leaders/ NAKASHIMA, R. (2013, August 06). Here Are The Challenges Facing Jeff Bezos As He Takes Over The Washington Post. Here Are The Challenges Facing Jeff Bezos. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.in/Here-Are-The-Challenges-Facing-Jeff-Bezos-As-He-Takes-Over-The-Washington-Post/articleshow/21649978.cms Quinn, J. (2015, August 15). Jeff Bezos: five things we learned from the Amazon founder. Jeff Bezos. Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/amazon/11800416/amazon-founder-jeff-bezos-what-we-learned.html STREITFELD, D., KANTOR, J. (2015, August 17). Jeff Bezos and Amazon Employees Join Debate Over Its Culture. Jeff Bezos and Amazon Employees. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/18/technology/amazon-bezos-workplace-management-practices.html?_r=0 Zongker, B., Gordon, M., Gresko, J. (2013, August 06). Challenges face Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos as he buys Washington Post. Challenges. Retrieved from https://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2013/08/challenges_face_amazoncom_foun.html

Xeriscaping

Introduction The world is endowed with many important natural resources. However, water emerges at the top as the most important natural resource human beings have for simple reason that it supports life. Climate changes and dynamic ways of life of human beings on the planet have varied patterns of use and consumption of water.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Xeriscaping specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, there has been an irreversible alteration of the environment that has directly impacted on the planet’s water situation. Many water catchment areas and water bodies on the planet have been destroyed and left in desperate situations. The result therefore has been a water stressed planet with many areas experiencing acute water shortages barely enough to cover respective population commercial and domestic consumption needs1. One of the most water dependent domestic uses is gardening and lawn ca re. In the US for instance, it accounts for most of the seasonal increase in water consumption in numerous places. An average US family consumes approximately twenty-six gallons of water every day. The entire nation consumes approximately twenty six billion gallons of water every day2. Out of the above daily consumption, over 7 billion gallons are devoted for use in outdoor activities such as gardening and landscaping. According to US Environmental Protection Agency, a lawn setting in a suburban place in the US uses over ten thousand gallons of water every year. One of the most enduring but misplaced notions has always been that green magnificent lawns are only achievable through extensive water use alongside other practices such as fertilization. Many environmentalists have however argued and proved that magnificent lawns and gardens are achievable with the employment of water conserving landscaping techniques. The techniques employed in this area use terms such as ‘waterwise ’ and ‘waterlow’ depending on their underpinning philosophy. To consolidate the water conserving landscaping approaches, the concept of Xeriscape landscaping was developed.Advertising Looking for thesis on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since its coinage and copyrighting in Denver in 1981, Xeriscaping has become the official description of all the methods and approaches used by authorities and individuals to pursue water efficient landscaping practices. There have been many initiatives formulated at all levels of government in the US to promote xeriscaping for the sole purpose of encouraging responsible water use. This paper will therefore examine the efforts and strategies put forward by the authorities in promoting xeriscaping in the US3. The analysis will look at the nature of the efforts i.e. their status and how they are implemented. The analysis will be carried out within the f ramework of federal, state and local governments and the policies that they have laid down to promote xeriscaping and efficient water use. However, for purposes of better understanding, there will be a brief look at what xeriscaping is. Xeriscaping The Denver water department coined the word xeriscaping in 1981. The main purpose was to highlight the importance of water efficient landscaping. The word is derives from the word â€Å"Xeros† Greek for dry and landscape. To fulfill its core purpose of promoting water efficient landscaping, Xeriscaping operates on seven principles and eight fundamentals that promote waterwise landscaping. The seven principles include good planning and design, mulching, efficient irrigation, continuous study and analysis and improvement, good plant selection and practical turf areas. The fundamentals encourage wise irrigation scheduling, provision of regular maintainace and extensive use of mulching. Xeriscaping Efforts by authorities in the US Some environmentalists assert that the water efficient landscaping techniques can be used by local, tribal and state governments as well as companies and businesses to physically improve their properties for purposes of reducing long-term maintainace costs and the creation of environmental friendly landscapes. In the United Sates, the federal, state and local governments and water districts throughout the country have since the 80’s promoted and supported xeriscaping efforts. Some of the initiatives implemented by these authorities are mandatory while others are incentive based to encourage large adoption of the practices.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Xeriscaping specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The initiatives and efforts have always encouraged people to create low water demanding and drought resistant landscapes. Generally, there have not been any major laws directly concerning xeriscaping in the US4. M ost of the efforts that are in place right work within a framework of existing water conservation laws. It’s important to note that mandated efforts have mostly taken place within the state and local level compared to the federal level. This analysis will therefore concentrate on the latter two states. It will involve a look at notable state and local governments that have put in concerted xeriscape efforts, how they have done it and if the efforts have been successful in their intended purpose. Xeriscaping on the federal level On the federal level, there have not been any major regulations that give emphasis to xeriscaping. Federal authorities seem to endorse the xeriscaping program through education initiatives. Through the Environmental Protection Agency, extensive education and information on water conservation in landscaping through xeriscaping is carried out. The information includes information on hoe tom locate federal local resources. The focus on local resources mea ns the federal government treats the xeriscaping issues as a regional one that state and other local authorities are better suited to handle5. One of the most probable reasons why the federal authorities may not be treating the xeriscaping issue with national urgency is the fact that the country is so large and diverse that a national effort to push for xeriscaping may end up being ineffective. It’s therefore nearly impossible to tackle the issue from a national platform. State and local governments on the other hand are more specialized in terms of populations and their environment’s natural conditions. It’s therefore easy for them to roll out specific incentives that fit their areas of representation. Xeriscaping therefore is very much a local issues and concerns little of the federal government. Xeriscaping at State level Numerous states have enacted laws and offered incentives meant to entice their populations to adopt xeriscape practices. Florida, Texas and California are some of them. There will be an individual analysis on every one of the states mentioned above. Their cases will be generalized over the rest of the states to help paint a picture of how xeriscaping is applied in the different settings.Advertising Looking for thesis on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Florida Florida is one of the most water sufficient states in the US. However, the distribution of rain in the state is wanting. There is an uneven distribution of rainfall in the state. Besides, the state is endowed with sandy soils that have poor water retention capabilities. Additionally, the state has a fast growing population that has increased its demand on the water resources of the state. The state of Florida was one of the few states in the US to enact water conservation legislation that gives emphasis to xeriscaping. In fact, it was the first state to enact a xeriscape statewide law. The law requires Management and Transport departments to utilize xeriscape laws in all their new public property developments. It also requires all public properties constructed before 1992 to be phase in Xeriscape through a five-year period6. Florida law criminalizes the planting of some exotic species that may not be supportive of xeriscaping. At the same time, the law promotes the use of xe riscaping concepts in the state government’s landscaping initiatives. The law also encourages local governments to use xeriscape oriented landscaping techniques and practices. It’s so far the most explicit state law on xeriscaping in the US. Previously, there has also been a bill in Florida that proposed criminalization of the passage by localities of laws that prevent xeriscaping7. Besides, the South Florida Water Management District together with the Florida Nurserymen and Growers Association, the Florida Irrigation Society and the local business community have collaborated to produce the â€Å"Plant It Smart with xeriscape† television program that seeks to promote the use of xeriscape in the state. The program showcases an ideal Florida residential yard and how it can be retrofitted using xeriscape landscaping techniques to safe on costs, energy and time. The fact that the SFWMD is involved shows the level and commitment authorities have given to the implemen tation of Xeriscape8. There is also the Southwest Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD), the City of St. Petersburg, and Pinellas County, Florida who have pooled resources together to produce the â€Å"Xeriscape It† Video game. The videogame enlightens people on the seven principles of xeriscape landscaping. Furthermore, through the collaboration, SWFWMD has sponsored numerous xeriscape demonstration sites, besides having a xeriscape garden it its headquarters in Brooksville. The garden showcases the variety of native and non-native plants that that are appropriate for xeriscaping. The garden is accessible for viewing by the public who are issued with a guide about it. The above initiatives have the full backing of the authorities. It’s therefore safe to conclude that in Florida, the state has out in place adequate efforts to promote xeriscaping. One of the characteristics of the efforts employed by the state of Florida and that is observable in many other states is the involvement of the private sectors on raining awareness and promoting xeriscaping. California California is sometimes described as a water hungry state that satisfies its water needs through importation of water. The most affected part of state is southern California, a situation experts blame on many causes. Due to the water stress situation however, California unlike a number of state and local governments and federal government bodies has not widely implemented the xeriscaping principle of landscaping. Through the California Environmental Protection Agency, has encouraged residents to adopt xeriscape-oriented practices that will help in conserving water in the state. The situation in California is representative of many states and local authorities in the country where xeriscaping has not gained root. The authorities don’t appear keen in neither pursuing legislative nor incentive based approaches to encourage xeriscaping. Texas Besides California, Texas is another s tate that has taken official measures that encourage xeriscaping. Unlike the Florida case however, the Texas and California legal drives have not been as forceful. Texas passed the conservation law in 1991 that imposed various regulations meant to conserve water in the state9. The state also passed a law that specified that xeriscape parameters met in all new construction projects of the state after January 1994. In 1995, there was also an additional legislation that made in mandatory for the state department of transport to implement xeriscape standard in all the construction and maintainace of roads and roadside parks of the state. The law also urges local authorities of the state to consider enacting ordinances that will require people and businesses observe xeriscape practices to conserve water10. Additionally there were two other state laws passed in 2001 that promoted responsible use of water through practices such as xeriscaping. In xeriscaping, the law identifies xeriscaping as a way popular way of saving water at home. It urges gardeners and landscapers to source for plants that won’t drain water quickly and that will help reduce the monthly water bill of the average Texas household11. Texas and Florida lead the park in enacting laws that observe xeriscape practice. The above analysis has been used to put into perspective of the existing state measures that promote xeriscape. No doubt, other states have different laws regarding the subject. However, this serves a demonstration of how far the concept of xeriscape has been utilized on the state level12. Xeriscape efforts at Local Government The analysis of local authorities will concentrate on county authorities and city governments that have put in place measures that promote the use of xeriscape measures in landscaping their territories. Numerous localities, far more than state and federal have embrace the xeriscape concept. One of the outstanding approaches local authorities are using is throu gh offering cash incentives to their residents who are willing to implement xeriscape practices13. Las Vegas In Las Vegas, the city government accords homeowners a cash reward of one thousand dollars if they convert their lawns to xeriscape compliant. Commercial landowners on the other hand get up to $ 50,000 in water bill credit if they comply with xeriscape standards. The main aim of offering these rewards is meant to help local authorities conserve water and save on costs associated with it. In Las Vegas for instance, the city hopes to save 25% of water it could have used in a decade. Other plans by the Las Vegas city government to promote the use xeriscape include a limited city ordinance turf of not more than 50%, of any new landscapes and awards on xeriscaped properties in the city14. Glendale Arizona In Glendale, Arizona, residents of the city receive a rebate reward of $100 if they install or convert more than half of their landscape area – commercial or private to no n-grass vegetation. The Glendale Water Conservation Office carries out an audit to ensure all the requirements which are tailored along xeriscape practices are met. A rebate check is then issued to the homeowner who would have fulfilled the requirements. The main objective of implementing Xeriscaping practices in Glendale is to minimize on the amount of water that is used by residents to irrigate grass. The city of Albuquerque on its part offers cash rewards of a maximum of $ 800 for private residential properties and $ 200 for commercial properties that restructure their properties to incorporate designs that help in conserving water. According to statistics supplied by the municipality, the city has been able over ten years to reduce its percapita consumption of water from 250 gallons to 175 gallons. It’s important to note that there are stark differences between the approaches employed by the state governments and localities in implementing xeriscaping approaches. Many sta te governments including the ones discussed above clearly prefer the legislation approach while local authorities prefer the reward or incentive system. The most probable reason why the state governments prefer the mandate system is probably because of the size of the population and the territory they preside on. Only rules imposed through legislation are likely to work on a wide population such as that of a state. Additionally, the state is likely to spend more or save more by virtue on the size of its population. Incentives to entice people are therefore not likely to achieve much of either of the above15. Local governments on the other hand have lean populations who are easily manageable. Their numbers are commensurate with the resources that cities have and their likelihood of its populations meeting the conditions are high. Furthermore, local governments have small jurisdiction areas which are reachable making implementation of laws and regulations easy compared to the state16. There is need for states and more local authorities to come up with new and more appealing incentives that will be specifically targeted at real estate developers. The incentives will be structured in such a way that they will encourage those businesses already using and implementing xeriscaping measures. One of the businesses that will benefits from such incentives for instance includes HHP developers in Las Vegas. The property development manager has so far developed over 25, 000 hectares of land with both commercial and residential properties. In their development, HHP has over two decades applied practices consistent with xeriscaping landscaping. Given the fact that Las Vegas has provisions that require implementation of xeriscaping practices, the business has over time saved hundreds of thousands of dollars over the two-decade period. It’s easy to use the above example as one of the benefits of using xeriscaping in order to entice more businesses and individuals country wide. Conclusion Xeriscaping is a fast growing practice in the US. Since its invention in 1981, the practice has helped different authorities to save on expenses through water conservation. The Florida and Texas examples need to be emulated in other states because the practice has proven its worth. As said in the analysis, the practice is however tricky to implement on a national level. Besides legislation however, there is still more that the federal government can do to promote xeriscaping. This can be done through offering incentives to states that enact legislation that among other thing support the practice. There is need to shift attention to big businesses considering the amount of land at their disposal. Most of the laws that especially exist in state level only compel public departments to apply xeriscape practices. Private property should be included because the benefits in the long run will be both for the public and private citizens. Furthermore, authorities should consi der more public-private partnerships that will help in easier adoption of the xeriscaping practices. While it’s not easy for the complete achievement of xeriscaping objectives, the above offers a good platform on which to start. Bibliography Brenzel, Kathleen N., ed. Western Garden Book, 2001 Edition, Menlo Park: Sunset Publishing Corporation, 2001. Buras et al, Managing urban water supply, Berlin: Springer, 2003.p. 56 Cech, Thomas, Principles of water resources: history, development and management, NY: McGraw Hill, 2009. Page 68 Cohen, Nevin, Green Cities: An A-to-Z Guide, NY: Routledge, 2011, p. 477 Layzer, Judith, The environmental case : Translating values into policy, Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2002 Mann et al, Cutting Edge Gardening in the Intermountain West, London: Sage Publications, 2007, Marks, Susan, Aqua shock: the water crisis in America, Burlington: Springer, 2009. Sturgeon, Stephen, The politics of western water : The congressional career of  wayne aspinall. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. UMI, Dissertation abstracts international: The sciences and engineering, London: Mcmillan Publishers, 2008, Wood, Warren, Water resources perspectives: evaluation, management and policy.  NY: Infobase Publishers, 2003p. 48 Wolch, Jennifer, Manuel Pastor, and Peter Dreier, eds. 2004. Up against the sprawl : Public policy and the making of southern california, eds. Jennifer Wolch, Manuel Pastor and Peter Dreier. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004. Winger, David, ed. Evidence of Care: The Xeriscape Maintenance Journal, 2002, Vol. 1, Colorado WaterWise Council, 2001. Footnotes 1 Winger, David, ed. Evidence of Care: The Xeriscape Maintenance Journal, 2002, Vol. 1, Colorado WaterWise Council, 2001. 2 Brenzel, Kathleen N., ed. Western Garden Book, 2001 Edition, Menlo Park: Sunset Publishing Corporation, 2001. 3 Sturgeon, Stephen, The politics of western water : The congressional career of wayne aspinall. Tucson: University of Arizona P ress 4 Wolch, Jennifer, Manuel Pastor, and Peter Dreier, eds. 2004. Up against the sprawl : Public policy and the making of southern california, eds. Jennifer Wolch, Manuel Pastor and Peter Dreier. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004. 5 Layzer, Judith, The environmental case : Translating values into policy, Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2002 6 Cohen, Nevin, Green Cities: An A-to-Z Guide, NY: Routledge, 2011, p. 477 7 Mann et al, Cutting Edge Gardening in the Intermountain West, London: Sage Publications, 2007 8 Mann et al, Cutting Edge Gardening in the Intermountain West, London: Sage Publications, 2007, 9 Cech, Thomas, Principles of water resources: history, development and management, NY: McGraw Hill, 2009. Page 68 10 Buras et al, Managing urban water supply, Berlin: Springer, 2003.p. 56 11 Wood, Warren, Water resources perspectives: evaluation, management and policy. NY: Infobase Publishers, 2003p. 48 12 UMI, Dissertation abstracts international: The sciences and eng ineering, London: Mcmillan Publishers, 2008, 13 Marks, Susan, Aqua shock: the water crisis in America, Burlington: Springer, 2009. 14 Mann et al, Cutting Edge Gardening in the Intermountain West, London: Sage Publications, 2007 15 Cohen, Nevin, Green Cities: An A-to-Z Guide, NY: Routledge, 2011, p. 477 16 Layzer, Judith, The environmental case : Translating values into policy, Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2002 This thesis on Xeriscaping was written and submitted by user Maximilian P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Military technology and strate essays

Military technology and strate essays Military technology and strategy There were many strategies and weapons used in fighting in war. As the different wars went on, the technology just evolved more and more. They became more convenient, easier to use, smaller, they took less time to load, and they were more advanced. As the men and women fought in the different wars, they knew more and more about the new weapons and the different strategies of the war. These strategies and new technologies seemed to help the men and women out during the war. They didnt necessarily seem to save more lives, they just help out with hiding and during battles Another strategy was where the troops would maneuver outside the battlefield so they could cover a larger area. This was known as a front or a theatreWhen the expanse has covered an entire country; the corresponding waging of war on the largest scale to secure national objectives is called "grand strategy. Another of the many strategies the North or Union had was the "Anaconda." This was a maneuver which surrounded the South, Confederacy, so that they could not export or import supplies. This worked for some time but then the South found ways of exporting and importing.The most popular strategy with the Northern press, the public, and political leaders called for a direct overland march in Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate Capital. They thought that if Richmond fell, this would demoralize the South and the war would end. With this plan, the South's largest gun factory, the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond would be destroyed. Some of Lincoln's military advice argued that this would invite disaster. Not only did the army consist of untrained volunteers, but an over land attack on Richmond would mean crossing difficult terrain. An alternate strategy, based on the expectation of a longer war, would give them the time to train an army o...

Analysis Price Of The Unipacket Petrol

The present project is the analysis of the data we collected. The data was collected from four locations – Inner city, Outskirts of city, Suburbs and remote regions. The data regarding the oil prices were collected from equal number of locations. The brands of oils were Shell and Caltex. Data was collected from 224 stations, equally divided amongst the two stations. The response variable of the study is the price of the unipacket petrol. The independent variables are the station from which the petrol is being purchased and the location of the petrol station. The research question for the project is: Does location of the station affect the price of petrol? To answer the above research question three hypothesis were developed. Null Hypothesis: The station brand has no effect on the price of petrol Alternate hypothesis: The station brand has an effect on the price of petrol. Null Hypothesis: The Location of the station has no effect on the price of petrol Alternate Hypothesis: The Location of the station has an effect on the price of petrol Null Hypothesis: There is no effect of the station brand and the location of the petrol station on the price of petrol Alternate Hypothesis: The station brand and the location of the petrol station is linked by the price of petrol. To answer the above question we used the two factorial ANOVA. Table 1: Frequency of Station brand and Location of the petrol station Table 2: Descriptive statistics of the price of petrol based on the Station brand and Location of the station a. R Squared = .416 (Adjusted R Squared = .397) Table 3: Between subject effects of the price of petrol based on the Station brand and Location of the station From table 3 we find that there are statistically significant interaction between the station brand of petrol and the location of the petrol station, F(3,216)= 40.393, p = 0.000. We also find that there are statistically significant differences between the station brand and the price of petrol F(1,216)=6.272, p = 0.013. In addition, we also find that there are statistically significant differences between the location of the petrol station and the price of the petrol F(3,216) = 8.843, p = 0.000. From figure 1 and table 2 we find that the price of station brand â€Å"S† petrol is the lowest at the outskirts of the city, and the highest at the remote region. The price of station brand â€Å"NS† is the highest at the outskirts of the city and the lowest at the inner city location. From the above analysis we find that the price of unipacket petrol varies with the location and the brand of petrol station. With a decade's experience in providing essay help,

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the performance management Dissertation

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the performance management system of Riyadh City Council - Dissertation Example Data Analysis 44 3.10 Methodological Limitations 45 3.11 Conclusion 46 Chapter 4- Results and Discussion 4.1 Introduction 48 4.2 Results 48 4.3 Discussion 76 Chapter 5- Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1 Conclusions 86 5.2. Recommendations 90 References 93 List of Tables and Figures Table 1. Demographic characteristics: Level of measurement, categories and codes 37 Table 2. Objectives, hypotheses, and statistical tests. 37 Table 3. Frequency and percentage distribution for gender. 48 Table 4. Frequency and percentage distribution for age. 48 Table 5. Frequency and percentage distribution for years of service. 49 Table 6. Frequency and percentage distribution for position. 49 Table 7. Means and standard deviations: Agency relations. 50 Table 8. Means and standard deviations: Resource utilisation. 51 Table 9. Means and standard deviations: Inimitable. 53 Table 10. Means and standard deviations: Non-substitutable. 54 Table 11. Means and standard deviations: Competence. 55 Table 12. Mea ns and standard deviations: Firm specificity. 56 Table 13. Means and standard deviations: Relevant resources. 56 Table 14. Means and standard deviations: Utilisation of resources. 57 Table 15. Means and standard deviations: Acquisition. 59 Table 16. Means and standard deviations: Development. 59 Table 17. Means and standard deviations: Configuration. 60 Table 18. Means and standard deviations: Innovation. 61 Table 19. Means and standard deviations: Technology. 61 Table 20. Means and standard deviations: Dynamic capability. 62 Table 21. Means and standard deviations: Performance attainment. 63 Table 22. Means and standard deviations: Individual commitment. 64 Table 23. Means and standard deviations: Processes satisfaction. 65 Table 24. Means and standard deviations: Goal setting. 65 Table... Performance management is primarily known to be a process that encourages collaboration for the members of the local administration. For the RCC, they have encountered a number of concerns that must be addressed though performance management standards and practises. For instance, they have experienced problems with improving the methods for keeping up with rapid changes such as civilizational shifts or new lifestyles among community members (Al-Nuaim 2001). To consider services for health, safety, and security, housing plans, and preservation of the environment and historical sites has become a challenge for Riyadh’s local administrators. Moreover, most often, the public’s opinion on the policies implemented by the City Council as well as on the implementation of projects and activities, and the performance of the governing body, has created difficulties for mayors and the rest of the administration in developing their community (Al Riyadh 2004). Because of these, the R CC has aimed to boost their performance by focusing on the capability of their workforce, enhancing their projects by being consistent with the community’s needs, and providing their administration with the necessary procedural and managerial specialisations. One weak point that the local city councils in Riyadh has demonstrated is that they are not very capable of integrating various departments for planning and implementation, hence, reducing their likelihood for accomplishing main goals.

Reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Reaction paper - Essay Example Some have argued, that there were already Anti-Semitic feelings in Europe long before Hitler’s Regime and the international boycott by the Jewish community served as the "the first shot fired in the Second World War" (Johnson 2001). Even though it is true that the Jewish leaders, such as Rabbi Stephen Wise of the American Jewish Congress, were urged to forego these tactics, they did not relent and continued to boycott in hopes of destroying Germany’s economy, industries, and government (Johnson 2001). Despite the boycott, violent feelings, and insults spread about the Germans, it does not justify the brutal measures Hitler and his Regime took in retaliation. The mass effort to confine them in concentration camps or ship them out to Palestine in collaboration with the Zionists was underhanded, unjust, and malicious (Johnson 2001). Boycotting, printing news paper articles, and declaring speeches against Hitler and his Regime was still nothing compared to what Hitler and h is government did to the Jews. Boycotting goods in order to deal a blow to a country’s economy hardly warrants imprisonment in gas chambers, persecution, and violence carried out against millions.

Studying Literature Essay Example for Free

Studying Literature Essay Contrary to students within other provinces, those in Ontario should study only Canadian literature in grade twelve English courses. Although there are many existing writers in different cultures, it is important for Ontario students to first become familiar with Canadian literature before moving on. It is believed that students should focus on their Canadian culture despite being surrounded by other cultures- promote and establish their own writers, and encourage younger Canadian authors. Pupils currently enrolled in English in Ontario are constantly bombarded by American culture, when they should, instead, be concentrating on Canadian literature. This is starting to become a trend in Canada, as they have always been the â€Å"branch plant† of another country. This means that our own culture has never had the chance to develop as we have always been under the thumb of a more powerful foreign culture. This began with the influence of England and France; for many years students in Ontario would study Shakespeare, along with other British writers. This is no different than the impact of American culture, which swamps Canadawith American authors such as Fitzgerald. However, many schools limit a student’s exposure to Canadian novels to those found on International Studies Preparation (ISP) reading lists. In this sense, Canada is an attic in which we have stored American and British literature without considering our own. As a result, many Canadian students have problems appreciating their culture, since Canadian literature is not promoted well enough. It is no wonder Canadian students have problems appreciating their culture. The Canadian literature most frequently studied is typically old. This literature includes works such as â€Å"The Apprenticeship of Duddly Kravitz†, by Mordecai Richler, â€Å"The Stone Angel† by Margaret Laurence and the â€Å"Fifth Business† by Robertson Davies. The Fifth Business is quite unique since it was published in 1970– over 35 years ago – and yet it is still included in many grade twelve English courses across Ontario. A book that is seemingly closer to our time is Margaret Atwood’s novel, â€Å"Handmaids Tale†, which was published in 1985 over ten years ago. Although most teachers allow, and sometimes even encourage, students to focus on more modern Canadian books for their ISP, their classroom experience is usually limited to studying these older generations of Canadian literature. Schools and educators should start to get students more familiar with both past and present Canadian authors- this could lead any student to the path of becoming an author themselves. Another issue with Canadian literature is that the authors are primarily white (English Canadian) and not reflective of our modern multicultural society. As Robertson Davies states, 2â€Å"Canada is not going to have a national literature in the mode of those European lands where a long history has bound the people together, and where a homogeneous racial inheritance has given them a language, customs, and even a national dress of their own†. We need to promote the work of Canadian authors who have come from different backgroundsand who are able make a connection with our multicultural student body. As Canadians, we are lost in a sea of international influences – we hardly know who we are and this happens many of us realizing it. ‘What is a Canadian? A Canadian is a fellow wearing English tweeds, a Hong Kong shirt and Spanish shoes, who sips Brazilian coffee sweetened with Philippine sugar from a Bavarian cup while nibbling Swiss cheese, sitting at a Danish desk over a Persian rug, after coming home in a German car from an Italian movie.. ’, is an anonymous saying that practically defines the typical Canadian experience. It is clear why Margaret Atwood could comment that Canadians have issues with establishing their identity. When discussing Canadian writers she argues that Canada, as a state of mind, does not really exist: 4â€Å"Im talking about Canada as a state of mind, as the space you inhabit not just with your body but with your head. Its that kind of space in which we find ourselves lost. In conclusion, Canadian literature should be more recognized and promoted within our generation of young students. By familiarizing ourselves with our own writers and disregarding writers from other countries, we can gain more knowledge about authors from Canada and their literature. While some might view this as ignorant, taking this approach will allow Canadian students to see the value of our authors. Once our students have a strong sense of our own writers they can start to read about the achievements of American and British authors as well.

Abortion :: essays research papers

When I think about abortion, I think about my cousin. She had an abortion more than once. As she told me how she regretted having an abortion, I just sat there an listen. She cried everyday on how and what she has done for herself. She wishes that she had ever gotten an abortion. I asked her why and she told me. She said, tan, I messed up my body on the insides and then I realized that I killed my own flesh and blood. After telling me that I felt really bad. That is why that I am so against women getting abortions. I think that it is wrong for a woman to get an abortion. A lot of women think that having an abortion is the right way to get rid of a child that they do not want. Well, I think that it is just wrong for them to do that. How can a woman kill her own child, which is just very sad and hurting? If a woman gets an abortion she is not only killing a child, but also messing up the insides of her body. When getting an abortion, women will still be going through a lot of pain. As women take that unborn child from her womb, she will still be through a lot of pain. So, if women are going to get an abortion, they might as well go ahead and carry that child for nine months. Women will still be going through the same pain, but the good thing about it is that a woman will not be killing a child. Some younger women make-up excuses that they do not want the child. They say they cannot afford to have a child right now. My opinion is that if they are complaining that they do not want that child, then they should not have lain down and gave themselves to men. Another reason is that a woman has gotten raped. But, that is still not a reason to kill another human being. If that woman was raped and became pregnant with child, then she should give that child up for adoption or give the child to a family member. I clearly understand that if a woman was raped and became pregnant, that she would not want that child. But I still do not see that being a reason to kill an unborn child.

BR Richardson Timber Corporation

People want different things from work, usually when we get what we want we are motivated and our morale helps us to improve the quality of our work and lives. For most people money is the motivation but often it is necessary to tie in monetary rewards with non-monetary rewards so that employees remain motivated. A combination of these will almost always lead to commitment to an organization, innovative ideas and generally high quality of work. Human resource policies should be such that they empower the most important of all the resources that a company has which is its people.This will translate to large profits for the company and great satisfaction among the employees. Safety and health issues are a major issue in the BR Timber Company. Most employees in the company are dissatisfied with their jobs, working hours and working conditions. Morale is down and as a result productivity is decreased with increased job turnover as high as 70 percent in some departments of the company. Ro n, the team leader in gluing reports that new members rarely last a year at the gluing department. This is due to the work they are introduced to upon starting work.The grueling tasks involved usually result in back injuries. Often there is no orientation to the job and the new workers learn on the job about the rights technique of hanging beams. Ron reports that most men have bad backs, broken fingers and toes, and hernias. An interview with Marty reveals that a death had occurred at the gluing department. Even with this the death the men were expected to act as if nothing had happened and continue working. The mean also showed great concern for a man who had sustained a concussion after hitting a center nail in the overcrowded gluing area.During a tour of the plant it was noted that safety was very much compromised placing the worker’s health at risk. For instance, some workers did not have helmets, others did not have safety glasses, and band-saw safety devices were absent . Dirk a scheduler with a masters in forestry also reported that the employees did not under go any physicals. Though the men had medical insurance this was not enough to pick up their morale in relation to the safety of their working conditions. The stacks of beams are stacked too high such that they fall frequently.This in fact is how a death occurred at the plant. Some of the machines given to the workers are also not in good working order for example Rolf cited a machine that has four wheels and five feet of clearance. The machine has neither brakes nor shut-off making it inefficient and ineffective to work with. The building and ventilation standards of the plant as reported by Ro are below average leading to serious weight loss among the men during the summer. Physical well being and a healthy mind are necessary if a workforce is to be healthy.A healthy workforce is a motivated one and usually when one is in good physical health the mind is at ease and the worker can concentra te on his work. This is only possible if the worker knows that his working environment is safe and poses no danger to his health. This is absent at BR Timber Company. To begin with, BR Timber Company needs to set up an employee service that ensures that the employees undergo a physical and that they are up to the hard work expected of them. This will help in identification of any employees who may be risking their health by doing the grueling tasks at the plant.It is necessary to work with the quality control manager to develop guidelines that are task-specific for the different jobs and working environments in the place. Most men get accidents because they do not get the concept of a task clearly. The frequent movement of men from one job to another makes it difficult for them to be trained. To deal with the mistakes made the men need to be at one work station long enough to learn what exactly is needed in the beams and thus increase safety with less mistakes being made.OSHA (Occup ational Safety and Health Administration) recommended that ergonomic policies be made voluntary rather than mandatory. This aims at reducing work-related injuries and is better when it is voluntary rather than mandatory because then the company is free to follow these guidelines without feeling coerced. The benefits especially for BR Timber Company ion having employees’ health maintained is that employees will need less time off because injuries (Ju, 2007). For BR Timber a safe environment would be provided by first ensuring that employees have the necessary safety gear.This includes ensuring that helmets and safety glasses are available to all employees in all shifts. In addition the company should improve the condition in its glue area which has many damps causing the place to be crowded and creating difficulty in walking around. The absence of safety devices for band saws should also be looked into so that the band saws are fitted with guarding. Ensuring that warning signs are placed at strategic points in the plant to improve safety by providing employees and visitors of potential danger should also be done.The storage area for the beams is a dangerous area with one death already having occurred due to the stacks of beams being too high and thus falling. A solution to this problem would be to make the stacks lower and look for adequate space like suggested by Dirk that a bigger yard could be created by knocking out the field and organizing the stacks so that their disarray could cease posing a danger to the employees. Maintenance of equipment and machines is also another issue that contributes to poor working and safety conditions.By regularly repairing the work-out machines or repairing them altogether the company stands to gain more in the long run since efficiency will be increased and productivity together with safety will also be enhanced. No employee is comfortable using a machine that has no brakes, so a simple intervention like ensuring all the machines have breaks would make the employees feel safer. The job of ensuring safety does not only lie with management but also with the employees. If and when quality safety gear is provided the management should make sure that the employees use them appropriately.By allowing ongoing inspection teams to ensure that the company and its employees are taking the necessary safety precautions a higher level of accountability is encouraged and the company is more likely to adhere to a safe workplace and with the employees adhering to the safety guidelines. The solutions to the safety problems at BR Timber Company would best be addressed by incorporating the assistance of a safety consultancy agency. OSHA has many resources that would be useful for the company.In addition they offer computer software and technical information assistance that is easy to follow and that has specifications of OSHA standards meaning that the company cannot go wrong on safety if they seek services of such an agency. Another strategy that BR Timber Company needs to employ for the sake of the health of its workers is to put up a counseling unit for the workers. Many of the employees seem to be very concerned and disturbed about injuries sustained by a worker (Bob) who was hit by a centre rail and also by the death of a colleague at the beam stacking area.Though most of the men wanted to go home that day, they were not allowed showing some degree of insensitivity to the men’s state of mind following the loss of a colleague. The employees would have benefited a lot from having supportive services then. Education concerning injury prevention should be regularly provided for the employees. These would be especially helpful in preventing back injuries and knowing how to manage hernias which are both common problems in the BR Timber Company. Compensation and benefits is another pressing issue in the company.It is mainly related to overtime. The amount of work the employees put in is s ignificantly disproportionate to their pay. The workers felt that they were paid 60 cents per hour lower than the union and added that when the union got a 65 cents-per-hour raise, the employees at BR Timber Company got a 45 cent-per-hour raise. This being among the lowest paid employees in the timber business means that they are not motivated much. The only other benefit that seems available to these employees is the medical insurance cover.Most of the employees seem unhappy with their salaries even with overtime included. When a softball team was setup by one of the employees financing for it was inadequate since it required about $700 and the staff were only given $250. Due to the compulsory nature of overtime most employees do not even have the time to play the game. For most, they go home eat sleep and wake up again to go to work with very little time spent with their families. One of the things the company is doing right is providing medical cover for the employees.Other solut ions to poor motivation due to poor salaries in benefits include pay increments. This would be better handled by a compensation analyst to ensure that the employees’ salaries are matched with those of other union employees. This does not have to happen to immediately it could be a plan over time in which the employees get gradual increases in payment following a survey of their salary scales. (Mathis and Jackson, 2006) An employee benefits manager may be necessary to provide better management of the employees benefits especially the health insurance and pension plans.In the case of the BR Timber Company the nature of the industry the company is in calls for the company to have an accident and dismemberment insurance plan. The manager when appointed will be able to keep abreast of all legal issues affecting the employee benefits. This will streamline the process of claiming benefits and increase the trust the employees have in the company leading to greater motivation (Mathis and Jackson, 2006) In assessing how much it needs to pay the employees to keep them motivated and still earn a profit the company ought to go through a budge process.This will provide a means for determining how much has been spent on the payroll. The positions of various employees ought to be such that their positions fit into the overall percentage of the payroll. When jobs are clearly defined determining their going rate becomes easier. Using job descriptions for entry other job will provide a means of comparison with the market place. The jobs can also be marched to others by comparison of the core functions (Krotz, 2007). To ensure that the turnover rate for employees is not high due to employee dissatisfaction with the pay it is necessary to track the competition.BR Timber pays lower than other union companies making those companies a viable alternative for the employees. Supervisors and others with positions of authority need to have a salary range especially for those whom i t will be employing new. Other perks of the job can also be considered benefits and are important because work is not only about money. Overtime being such demoralizing aspect of work at BR Timber Company, the management ought to consider flextime. Most of the employees complain that they do not have enough time to spend with their families.

Ch8 Test Bank

CHAPTER 8 SECTION 1: CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following represents a difference between continuous and discrete random variables? a. Continuous random variables assume an uncountable number of values, and discrete random variables do not. b. The probability for any individual value of a continuous random variable is zero, but for discrete random variables it is not. c. Probability for continuous random variables means finding the area under a curve, while for discrete random variables it means summing individual probabilities. d. All of these choices are true. ANS:DPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 2.Which of the following is always true for all probability density functions of continuous random variables? a. The probability at any single point is zero. b. They contain an uncountable number of possible values. c. The total area under the density function f(x) equals 1. d. All of these choices are true. ANS:DPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 3. Suppose f(x) = 0. 25 . What range of possible values can X take on and still have the density function be legitimate? a. [0, 4] b. [4, 8] c. [? 2, +2] d. All of these choices are true. ANS:DPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 4. The probability density function, f(x), for any continuous random variable X, represents: a. ll possible values that X will assume within some interval a ? x ? b. b. the probability that X takes on a specific value x. c. the height of the density function at x. d. None of these choices. ANS:CPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 5. Which of the following is true about f(x) when X has a uniform distribution over the interval [a, b]? a. The values of f(x) are different for various values of the random variable X. b. f(x) equals one for each possible value of X. c. f(x) equals one divided by the length of the interval from a to b. d. None of these choices. ANS:CPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 6.The probability density function f(x) for a uniform random variable X defined over the interval [2, 10] is a. 0. 125 b. 8 c. 6 d . None of these choices. ANS:APTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 7. If the random variable X has a uniform distribution between 40 and 50, then P(35 ? X ? 45) is: a. 1. 0 b. 0. 5 c. 0. 1 d. undefined. ANS:BPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 8. The probability density function f(x) of a random variable X that has a uniform distribution between a and b is a. (b + a)/2 b. 1/b ? 1/a c. (a ? b)/2 d. None of these choices. ANS:DPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 9. Which of the following does not represent a continuous uniform random variable? . f(x) = 1/2 for x between ? 1 and 1, inclusive. b. f(x) = 10 for x between 0 and 1/10, inclusive. c. f(x) = 1/3 for x = 4, 5, 6. d. None of these choices represents a continuous uniform random variable. ANS:CPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 10. Suppose f(x) = 1/4 over the range a ? x ? b, and suppose P(X > 4) = 1/2. What are the values for a and b? a. 0 and 4 b. 2 and 6 c. Can be any range of x values whose length (b ? a) equals 4. d. Cannot answer with the information given. ANS:BPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 11. What is the shape of the probability density function for a uniform random variable on the interval [a, b]? a.A rectangle whose X values go from a to b. b. A straight line whose height is 1/(b ? a) over the range [a, b]. c. A continuous probability density function with the same value of f(x) from a to b. d. All of these choices are true. ANS:DPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 TRUE/FALSE 12. A continuous probability distribution represents a random variable having an infinite number of outcomes which may assume any number of values within an interval. ANS:TPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 13. Continuous probability distributions describe probabilities associated with random variables that are able to assume any finite number of values along an interval.ANS:FPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 14. A continuous random variable is one that can assume an uncountable number of values. ANS:TPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 15. Since there is an infinite number of values a continuous random variable can assume, the probability of each individual value is virtually 0. ANS:TPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 16. A continuous random variable X has a uniform distribution between 10 and 20 (inclusive), then the probability that X falls between 12 and 15 is 0. 30. ANS:TPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 17. A continuous random variable X has a uniform distribution between 5 and 15 (inclusive), then the probability that X falls between 10 and 20 is 1. . ANS:FPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 18. A continuous random variable X has a uniform distribution between 5 and 25 (inclusive), then P(X = 15) = 0. 05. ANS:FPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 19. We distinguish between discrete and continuous random variables by noting whether the number of possible values is countable or uncountable. ANS:TPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 20. In practice, we frequently use a continuous distribution to approximate a discrete one when the number of values the variable can assume is countable but very large. ANS:TPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 21. Let X represent weekly income expressed in dollars. Since there is no set upper limit, we cannot identify (and thus cannot count) all the possible values. Consequently, weekly income is regarded as a continuous random variable. ANS:TPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 22. To be a legitimate probability density function, all possible values of f(x) must be non-negative. ANS:TPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 23. To be a legitimate probability density function, all possible values of f(x) must lie between 0 and 1 (inclusive). ANS:FPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 24. The sum of all values of f(x) over the range of [a, b] must equal one. ANS:FPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 25.A probability density function shows the probability for each value of X. ANS:FPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 26. If X is a continuous random variable on the interval [0, 10], then P(X > 5) = P(X ? 5). ANS:TPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 27. If X is a continuous random variable on the interval [0, 10], then P(X = 5) = f(5) = 1/10. ANS:FPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 28. If a point y lies outside the range of the possible values of a ran dom variable X, then f(y) must equal zero. ANS:TPTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 COMPLETION 29. A(n) ____________________ random variable is one that assumes an uncountable number of possible values.ANS:continuous PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 30. For a continuous random variable, the probability for each individual value of X is ____________________. ANS: zero 0 PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 31. Probability for continuous random variables is found by finding the ____________________ under a curve. ANS:area PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 32. A(n) ____________________ random variable has a density function that looks like a rectangle and you can use areas of a rectangle to find probabilities for it. ANS:uniform PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 33. Suppose X is a continuous random variable for X between a and b.Then its probability ____________________ function must non-negative for all values of X between a and b. ANS:density PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 34. The total area under f(x) for a continuous random variable must equal _________ ___________. ANS: 1 one PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 35. The probability density function of a uniform random variable on the interval [0, 5] must be ____________________ for 0 ? x ? 5. ANS: 1/5 0. 20 PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 36. To find the probability for a uniform random variable you take the ____________________ times the ____________________ of its corresponding rectangle.ANS: base; height height; base length; width width; length PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 37. You can use a continuous random variable to ____________________ a discrete random variable that takes on a countable, but very large, number of possible values. ANS:approximate PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 SHORT ANSWER 38. A continuous random variable X has the following probability density function: f(x) = 1/4, 0 ? x ? 4 Find the following probabilities: a. P(X ? 1) b. P(X ? 2) c. P(1 ? X ? 2) d. P(X = 3) ANS: a. 0. 25 b. 0. 50 c. 0. 25 d. 0 PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 Waiting TimeThe length of time patients must wait to see a doctor at an emergen cy room in a large hospital has a uniform distribution between 40 minutes and 3 hours. 39. {Waiting Time Narrative} What is the probability density function for this uniform distribution? ANS: f(x) = 1/140, 40 ? x ? 180 (minutes) PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 40. {Waiting Time Narrative} What is the probability that a patient would have to wait between one and two hours? ANS: 0. 43 PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 41. {Waiting Time Narrative} What is the probability that a patient would have to wait exactly one hour? ANS: 0PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 42. {Waiting Time Narrative} What is the probability that a patient would have to wait no more than one hour? ANS: 0. 143 PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 43. The time required to complete a particular assembly operation has a uniform distribution between 25 and 50 minutes. a. What is the probability density function for this uniform distribution? b. What is the probability that the assembly operation will require more than 40 minutes to complete? c. Suppose more time was allowed to complete the operation, and the values of X were extended to the range from 25 to 60 minutes.What would f(x) be in this case? ANS: a. f(x) = 1/25, 25 ? x ? 50 b. 0. 40 c. f(x) = 1/35, 25 ? x ? 60 PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 44. Suppose f(x) equals 1/50 on the interval [0, 50]. a. What is the distribution of X? b. What does the graph of f(x) look like? c. Find P(X ? 25) d. Find P(X ? 25) e. Find P(X = 25) f. Find P(0 < X < 3) g. Find P(? 3 < X < 0) h. Find P(0 < X < 50) ANS: a. X has a uniform distribution on the interval [0, 50]. b. f(x) forms a rectangle of height 1/50 from x = 0 to x = 50. c. 0. 50 d. 0. 50 e. 0 f. 0. 06 g. 0. 06 h. 1. 00PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 Chemistry Test The time it takes a student to finish a chemistry test has a uniform distribution between 50 and 70 minutes. 45. {Chemistry Test Narrative} What is the probability density function for this uniform distribution? ANS: f(x) = 1/20, 50 ? x ? 70 PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 46. {Chemistry Test Narrative} Find the pr obability that a student will take more than 60 minutes to finish the test. ANS: 0. 50 PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 47. {Chemistry Test Narrative} Find the probability that a student will take no less than 55 minutes to finish the test. ANS: 0. 75PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 48. {Chemistry Test Narrative} Find the probability that a student will take exactly one hour to finish the test. ANS: 0 PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 49. {Chemistry Test Narrative} What is the median amount of time it takes a student to finish the test? ANS: 60 minutes PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 50. {Chemistry Test Narrative} What is the mean amount of time it takes a student to finish the test? ANS: 60 minutes PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 Elevator Waiting Time In a shopping mall the waiting time for an elevator is found to be uniformly distributed between 1 and 5 minutes. 1. {Elevator Waiting Time Narrative} What is the probability density function for this uniform distribution? ANS: f(x) = 1/4, 1 ? x ? 5 PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 52. {Elevator Wa iting Time Narrative} What is the probability of waiting no more than 3 minutes? ANS: 0. 50 PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 53. {Elevator Waiting Time Narrative} What is the probability that the elevator arrives in the first minute and a half? ANS: 0. 125 PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1 54. {Elevator Waiting Time Narrative} What is the median waiting time for this elevator? ANS: 3 minutes PTS:1REF:SECTION 8. 1